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Franz Kafka

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Brod, Max

Austrian AuthorsDifficulty 3/5Order #wishlist

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"Translated from the German by G. Humphreys Roberts."

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Summary

"Translated from the German by G. Humphreys Roberts."

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Before you read

"Translated from the German by G. Humphreys Roberts."

Full summaryContains spoilers
The Complete Stories by Franz Kafka a.b.e-book v3.0 / Notes at the end Back Cover : "An important book, valuable in itself and absolutely fascinating. . . The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. . . numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Shortly before his death at the age of forty, he instructed Max Brod, his friend and literary executor, to burn all his remaining works of fiction. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed.Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. The remarkable depth and breadth of his brilliant and probing imagination become even more evident when these stories are seen as a whole. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Schocken Books Inc., New York. Distributed by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. The foreword by John Updike was originally published in The New Yorker. Foreword copyright © 1983 by John Updike. Collection first published in 1971 by Schocken Books Inc.Page 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kafka, Franz, 1883-1924. The complete stories. (Kafka Library) Bibliography: p. Kafka, Franz, 1885-1924 -- Translations, English. On Parables POSTSCRIPT BIBLIOGRAPHY EDITORS AND TRANSLATORS ON THE MATERIAL INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME CHRONOLOGY SELECTED WRITINGS ON KAFKA * Published during Kafka's lifetime.Page 7 FOREWORD By John Updike All that he does seems to him, it is true, extraordinarily new, but also, because of the incredible spate of new things, extraordinarily amateurish, indeed scarcely tolerable, incapable of becoming history, breaking short the chain of the generations, cutting off for the first time at its most profound source the music of the world, which before him could at least be divined. Sometimes in his arrogance he has more anxiety for the world than for himself. -- KAFKA, "He" (Aphorisms) THE century since Franz Kafka was born has been marked by the idea of "modernism" -- a self-consciousness new among centuries, a consciousness of being new. Sixty years after his death, Kafka epitomizes one aspect of this modern mind-set: a sensation of anxiety and shame whose center cannot be located and therefore cannot be placated; a sense of an infinite difficulty within things, impeding every step; a sensitivity acute beyond usefulness, as if the nervous system, flayed of its old hide ofPage 8 social usage and religious belief, must record every touch as pain. In Kafka's peculiar and highly original case this dreadful quality is mixed with immense tenderness, oddly good humor, and a certain severe and reassuring formality. The combination makes him an artist; but rarely can an artist have struggled against greater inner resistance and more sincere diffidence as to the worth of his art. This volume holds all of the fiction that Kafka committed to publication during his lifetime:* a slender sheaf of mostly very short stories, the longest of them, "The Metamorphosis," a mere fifty pages long, and only a handful of the others as much as five thousand words. He published six slim volumes, four of them single stories, from 1913 to 1919, and was working on the proofs of a seventh in the sanatorium where he died on June 3rd, 1924, of tuberculosis, exactly one month short of his forty-first birthday. Among his papers after his death were found several notes addressed to his closest friend, Max Brod. One of them stated: Of all my writings the only books that can stand are these: The Judgment, The Stoker, Metamorphosis, Penal Colony, Country Doctor and the short story: Hunger- Artist. . . When I say that those five books and the short story can stand, I do not mean that I wish them to be reprinted and handed down to posterity. On the contrary, should they disappear altogether that would please me best.

Interpretation

Central ideas

Recurring concerns and concepts identified across the indexed text.

Family

And in truth Kafka, though heterosexual, charming, and several times engaged, and furthermore professing that "Marrying, founding a family, accepting all the children that come [is] the utmost a human being can succeed in doing at all," never did manage to get married. He confided to his diary that morning, "Only in this way can writing be done, only with such coherence, with such a complete opening out of the body and the soul." Yet the story is not quite free of the undeclared neurotic elements that twist the earlier work; the connection between the engagement and the father seems obscure, and the old man's fury illogical.

View supporting passages
And in truth Kafka, though heterosexual, charming, and several times engaged, and furthermore professing that "Marrying, founding a family, accepting all the children that come [is] the utmost a human being can succeed in doing at all," never did manage to get married.
He confided to his diary that morning, "Only in this way can writing be done, only with such coherence, with such a complete opening out of the body and the soul." Yet the story is not quite free of the undeclared neurotic elements that twist the earlier work; the connection between the engagement and the father seems obscure, and the old man's fury illogical.
But in staring at, with his hero Georg, "the bogey conjured up by his father," Kafka broke through to a great cavern of stored emotion.

Meaning

The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. . . numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka.

View supporting passages
The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. . . numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime.
This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka.
The letter quoted above went on to direct Brod to burn all of Kafka's manuscripts, "without exception and preferably unread." Another note, written later, reiterated the command even more emphatically; and Dora Dymant, the young woman with whom Kafka shared the last year of his life, obediently did destroy those portions of the Kafka hoard within her keeping.

Faith and doubt

Sixty years after his death, Kafka epitomizes one aspect of this modern mind-set: a sensation of anxiety and shame whose center cannot be located and therefore cannot be placated; a sense of an infinite difficulty within things, impeding every step; a sensitivity acute beyond usefulness, as if the nervous system, flayed of its old hide ofPage 8 social usage and religious belief, must record every touch as pain. Popular belief has him a cockroach, which would be appropriate for a city apartment; and the creature's retiring nature and sleazy dietary preferences would seem to conform.

View supporting passages
Sixty years after his death, Kafka epitomizes one aspect of this modern mind-set: a sensation of anxiety and shame whose center cannot be located and therefore cannot be placated; a sense of an infinite difficulty within things, impeding every step; a sensitivity acute beyond usefulness, as if the nervous system, flayed of its old hide ofPage 8 social usage and religious belief, must record every touch as pain.
Popular belief has him a cockroach, which would be appropriate for a city apartment; and the creature's retiring nature and sleazy dietary preferences would seem to conform.
No doubt he was sometimes brusque with his sensitive only son, and indifferent to the boy's literary aspirations.

Suffering

Sixty years after his death, Kafka epitomizes one aspect of this modern mind-set: a sensation of anxiety and shame whose center cannot be located and therefore cannot be placated; a sense of an infinite difficulty within things, impeding every step; a sensitivity acute beyond usefulness, as if the nervous system, flayed of its old hide ofPage 8 social usage and religious belief, must record every touch as pain. Kierkegaard's lacerating absolutism of faith would seem to lie behind the torture machine of "In the Penal Colony" and the cruel estrangements of The Trial, and to have offered Kafka a certain purchase on his spiritual pain.

View supporting passages
Sixty years after his death, Kafka epitomizes one aspect of this modern mind-set: a sensation of anxiety and shame whose center cannot be located and therefore cannot be placated; a sense of an infinite difficulty within things, impeding every step; a sensitivity acute beyond usefulness, as if the nervous system, flayed of its old hide ofPage 8 social usage and religious belief, must record every touch as pain.
Kierkegaard's lacerating absolutism of faith would seem to lie behind the torture machine of "In the Penal Colony" and the cruel estrangements of The Trial, and to have offered Kafka a certain purchase on his spiritual pain.
Certain of the parables share Kafka's relish in the enigmatic: A man who was afflicted with a terrible disease complained to Rabbi Israel that his suffering interfered with his learning and praying.

Love and compassion

Later, relegated by the family to the shadows of a room turned storage closet, he responds to violin music and creeps forward, covered withPage 15 dust and trailing remnants of food, to claim his sister's love. And now -- but you must forgive me, please -- my happiness just cannot be contained, I can't help it.

View supporting passages
Later, relegated by the family to the shadows of a room turned storage closet, he responds to violin music and creeps forward, covered withPage 15 dust and trailing remnants of food, to claim his sister's love.
And now -- but you must forgive me, please -- my happiness just cannot be contained, I can't help it.
Well, as you like --" At first he gazed at me in astonishment and parted his wet lips; but then, noticing the guests who had approached quite close, he laughed, stood up, and said: "IPage 26 think the cold will do us good; our clothes are full of heat and smoke; what's more, I'm slightly tipsy without having drunk very much; yes, let's say goodbye and go." So we went to the hostess, and as he kissed her hand she said: "I am glad to see you looking so happy today." Touched by the kindness of these words, he kissed her hand again; whereupon she smiled.

Justice

He attended thePage 17 harsh German schools of Prague; he earned the degree of Doctor of Law; he had experience of merchandising through his father's business. In his shorter tales an affinity may be felt with the parables of Hasidism, that pietist movement within Judaism which emphasized, over against the law of orthodoxy, mystic joy and divine immanence.

View supporting passages
He attended thePage 17 harsh German schools of Prague; he earned the degree of Doctor of Law; he had experience of merchandising through his father's business.
In his shorter tales an affinity may be felt with the parables of Hasidism, that pietist movement within Judaism which emphasized, over against the law of orthodoxy, mystic joy and divine immanence.
Beverly, Massachusetts 1983Page 21 TWO INTRODUCTORY PARABLES Before the Law BEFORE THE LAW stands a doorkeeper.

Responsibility

And so with good conscience the reverent executor issued to the world The Trial and The Castle -- both novels unfinished and somewhat problematical in their texts but nevertheless magnificently realized -- and a host of lesser but still priceless fragments, painstakingly deciphered and edited. Kafka's reputation has been immeasurably enhanced by his seeming prophecy, in works so private and eccentric, of the atrocious regimes of Hitler and Stalin, with their mad assignments of guilt and farcical trials and institutionalized paranoia.

View supporting passages
And so with good conscience the reverent executor issued to the world The Trial and The Castle -- both novels unfinished and somewhat problematical in their texts but nevertheless magnificently realized -- and a host of lesser but still priceless fragments, painstakingly deciphered and edited.
Kafka's reputation has been immeasurably enhanced by his seeming prophecy, in works so private and eccentric, of the atrocious regimes of Hitler and Stalin, with their mad assignments of guilt and farcical trials and institutionalized paranoia.
By all means let them kiss and hug him, that's their duty and his right, but they mustn't carry him off.

Freedom

Thus I had to choose the words in such a way that the thought of my wanting to cry would appear ludicrous to the listeners. Or he nerved himself to the great effort of pushing an armchair to the window, then crawled up over the window sill and, braced against the chair, leaned against the windowpanes, obviously in some recollection of the sense of freedom that looking out of a window always used to give him.

View supporting passages
Thus I had to choose the words in such a way that the thought of my wanting to cry would appear ludicrous to the listeners.
Or he nerved himself to the great effort of pushing an armchair to the window, then crawled up over the window sill and, braced against the chair, leaned against the windowpanes, obviously in some recollection of the sense of freedom that looking out of a window always used to give him.
He would never let her out of his room, at least, not so long as he lived; his frightful appearance would become, for the first time, useful to him; he would watch all the doors of his room at once and spit at intruders; but his sister should need no constraint, she should stay with him of her own free will; she should sit beside him on the sofa, bend down her ear to him, and hear him confide that he had had the firm intention of sending her to the Conservatorium, and that, but for his mishap, last Christmas -- surely Christmas was long past? -- he would have announced it to everybody without allowing a single objection.

Close reading

Important passages

This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 1
Unmasking a Confidence Trickster* Sudden Walk* Resolutions* Dream* Up in the Gallery* A Fratricide* The Next Village* A Visit to a Mine* Jackals and Arabs* The Bridge The Bucket Rider The New Advocate* An Old Manuscript* The Knock at the Manor Gate Eleven Sons* My Neighbor A Crossbreed [A Sport] The Cares of a Family Man* A Common Confusion The Truth About Sancho Panza The Silence of the Sirens Prometheus The City Coat of Arms PoseidonPage 6

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 5
The letter quoted above went on to direct Brod to burn all of Kafka's manuscripts, "without exception and preferably unread." Another note, written later, reiterated the command even more emphatically; and Dora Dymant, the young woman with whom Kafka shared the last year of his life, obediently did destroy those portions of the Kafka hoard within her keeping.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 9
And so with good conscience the reverent executor issued to the world The Trial and The Castle -- both novels unfinished and somewhat problematical in their texts but nevertheless magnificently realized -- and a host of lesser but still priceless fragments, painstakingly deciphered and edited.

This passage relates to Responsibility.

ResponsibilityChunk 9
The failure is purely mechanical and we do not feel cheated, since the story's burden of private meaning has been unloaded --Page 10

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 9
And in truth Kafka, though heterosexual, charming, and several times engaged, and furthermore professing that "Marrying, founding a family, accepting all the children that come [is] the utmost a human being can succeed in doing at all," never did manage to get married.

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 11
It is interesting that of the last two women in Kafka's life -- two who abetted the "reaching out" of his later, happier years -- Milena Jesenská-Pollak was his Czech translator and helped teach him Czech, and Dora Dymant confirmed him in his exploratory Judaism including the study of Hebrew.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 12
He confided to his diary that morning, "Only in this way can writing be done, only with such coherence, with such a complete opening out of the body and the soul." Yet the story is not quite free of the undeclared neurotic elements that twist the earlier work; the connection between the engagement and the father seems obscure, and the old man's fury illogical.

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 12
But in staring at, with his hero Georg, "the bogey conjured up by his father," Kafka broke through to a great cavern of stored emotion.

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 12
The members of his family -- rather simpler than Kafka's own, which had three sisters -- dispose themselves around the central horror with a touching, as well as an amusing, plausibility.

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 13
The father's fury, roused in defense of the fragile mother, stems directly from the action and inflicts a psychic wound gruesomely objectified in the rotting apple Gregor carries in his back; the evolutions of the sister, Crete, from shock to distasteful ministration to a certain sulky possessiveness and finally to exasperated indifference are beautifully sketched, with not a stroke too much.

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 13
This great story resembles a great story of the nineteenth century, Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilyich"; in both, a hitherto normal man lies hideously, suddenly stricken in the midst of a family whose irritated, banal daily existence flows around him.

This passage relates to Meaning, Family.

MeaningFamilyChunk 13

Literary reading

Literary analysis

The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. . . numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed.Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. One of them stated: Of all my writings the only books that can stand are these: The Judgment, The Stoker, Metamorphosis, Penal Colony, Country Doctor and the short story: Hunger- Artist. . .

Literary observation 1

The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. . . numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime.

Literary observation 2

Fortunately, Brod disobeyed.Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume.

Literary observation 3

One of them stated: Of all my writings the only books that can stand are these: The Judgment, The Stoker, Metamorphosis, Penal Colony, Country Doctor and the short story: Hunger- Artist. . .

Literary observation 4

When I say that those five books and the short story can stand, I do not mean that I wish them to be reprinted and handed down to posterity.

Literary observation 5

In some others, notably "Investigations of a Dog," the author seems to have played out his inspiration without rounding out the story; Kafka's need to explore this conceit of philosophical speculation in a canine world where human beings are somehow unseen ("a sort of canine atheism" one commentator has called the phenomenon) has been happily exhausted before an end is reached.

Literary observation 6

The failure is purely mechanical and we do not feel cheated, since the story's burden of private meaning has been unloaded --Page 10 there are scarcely any pages in Kafka more sweetly and winningly autobiographical than these.

Ideas

Philosophical analysis

And so with good conscience the reverent executor issued to the world The Trial and The Castle -- both novels unfinished and somewhat problematical in their texts but nevertheless magnificently realized -- and a host of lesser but still priceless fragments, painstakingly deciphered and edited. The failure is purely mechanical and we do not feel cheated, since the story's burden of private meaning has been unloaded --Page 10 there are scarcely any pages in Kafka more sweetly and winningly autobiographical than these. And in truth Kafka, though heterosexual, charming, and several times engaged, and furthermore professing that "Marrying, founding a family, accepting all the children that come [is] the utmost a human being can succeed in doing at all," never did manage to get married.

Philosophical observation 1

And so with good conscience the reverent executor issued to the world The Trial and The Castle -- both novels unfinished and somewhat problematical in their texts but nevertheless magnificently realized -- and a host of lesser but still priceless fragments, painstakingly deciphered and edited.

Philosophical observation 2

The failure is purely mechanical and we do not feel cheated, since the story's burden of private meaning has been unloaded --Page 10 there are scarcely any pages in Kafka more sweetly and winningly autobiographical than these.

Philosophical observation 3

And in truth Kafka, though heterosexual, charming, and several times engaged, and furthermore professing that "Marrying, founding a family, accepting all the children that come [is] the utmost a human being can succeed in doing at all," never did manage to get married.

Philosophical observation 4

This great story resembles a great story of the nineteenth century, Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilyich"; in both, a hitherto normal man lies hideously, suddenly stricken in the midst of a family whose irritated, banal daily existence flows around him.

Philosophical observation 5

He felt, as it were, abashed before the fact of his own existence, "amateurish" in that this had never been quite expressed before.

Philosophical observation 6

What I really think, sir -- why do you always call me dear Fräulein? -- is that you can't be bothered with the truth simply because it's too tiring.' "God, how good that made me feel!

Context

Historical context

On Parables POSTSCRIPT BIBLIOGRAPHY EDITORS AND TRANSLATORS ON THE MATERIAL INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME CHRONOLOGY SELECTED WRITINGS ON KAFKA * Published during Kafka's lifetime.Page 7 FOREWORD By John Updike All that he does seems to him, it is true, extraordinarily new, but also, because of the incredible spate of new things, extraordinarily amateurish, indeed scarcely tolerable, incapable of becoming history, breaking short the chain of the generations, cutting off for the first time at its most profound source the music of the world, which before him could at least be divined. Sometimes in his arrogance he has more anxiety for the world than for himself. -- KAFKA, "He" (Aphorisms) THE century since Franz Kafka was born has been marked by the idea of "modernism" -- a self-consciousness new among centuries, a consciousness of being new. Self-loathing and self-distrust lurk within all this somatic unease; the "supplicant" prays in church at the top of his voice "in order to be looked at and acquire a body." A certain erotic undercurrent is present also, and in "Wedding Preparations" the hero, Eduard Raban, is proceeding toward his wedding in the country.

Historical observation 1

On Parables POSTSCRIPT BIBLIOGRAPHY EDITORS AND TRANSLATORS ON THE MATERIAL INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME CHRONOLOGY SELECTED WRITINGS ON KAFKA * Published during Kafka's lifetime.Page 7 FOREWORD By John Updike All that he does seems to him, it is true, extraordinarily new, but also, because of the incredible spate of new things, extraordinarily amateurish, indeed scarcely tolerable, incapable of becoming history, breaking short the chain of the generations, cutting off for the first time at its most profound source the music of the world, which before him could at least be divined.

Historical observation 2

Sometimes in his arrogance he has more anxiety for the world than for himself. -- KAFKA, "He" (Aphorisms) THE century since Franz Kafka was born has been marked by the idea of "modernism" -- a self-consciousness new among centuries, a consciousness of being new.

Historical observation 3

Self-loathing and self-distrust lurk within all this somatic unease; the "supplicant" prays in church at the top of his voice "in order to be looked at and acquire a body." A certain erotic undercurrent is present also, and in "Wedding Preparations" the hero, Eduard Raban, is proceeding toward his wedding in the country.

Historical observation 4

This great story resembles a great story of the nineteenth century, Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilyich"; in both, a hitherto normal man lies hideously, suddenly stricken in the midst of a family whose irritated, banal daily existence flows around him.

Historical observation 5

The Kafka household had been perfunctorily observant; Hermann Kafka had been proud of the degree ofPage 18 assimilation he had achieved, and the Judaism he had brought from his village was, his son accused him, too little; "it all dribbled away while you were passing it on." Kafka's mother, Julie Lowy, came from an orthodox family and remembered her grandfather as "a very pious and learned man, with a long white beard." As if to assert himself against his father, Franz took a decided interest in Jewishness; his diary of 1911 records: Today, eagerly and happily began to read the History of the Jews by Graetz.

Historical observation 6

So singular, he spoke for millions in their new unease; a century after his birth he seems the last holy writer, and the supreme fabulist of modern man's cosmic predicament.

Reflection

Questions to carry

theological

How does the work distinguish faith from certainty?

Examine how belief is tested by suffering, doubt, reason and human relationships.

ethical

Does suffering transform the characters, or merely expose who they already are?

Compare the different ways characters respond to pain, loss and injustice.

philosophical

Is legal judgment presented as equivalent to moral judgment?

Notice where institutional justice agrees or conflicts with conscience and truth.

ethical

To what extent are people responsible for consequences they desired but did not directly cause?

Consider the relationship between thought, intention, action, guilt and shared responsibility.

philosophical

What does genuine freedom require, and what responsibilities accompany it?

Consider whether freedom is presented as liberation, burden, temptation or moral obligation.

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