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The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Imported from openlibrary. Authors: Friedrich Nietzsche. Categories: Philosophy, Philosophie

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Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTHE COMPLETE WORKS OF FRIEDRICH , NIETZSCHE Tiu First Complete and Autlumsed English Translation EDITED BY DR. OSCAR LEVY VOLUME FOURTEEN THE WILL TO POWERBOOKS ONE AND TWO Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comOf the Third Edition making Three Thousand Copies this is No...... Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comFRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE THE WILL TO POWER AN ATTEMPTED TRANSVALUATION OF ALL VALUES TRANSLATED BY ANTHONY M. FOULISLONDON & EDINBURGH 1914 I ,,, l Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pn "nted oy MORRISON & GIBB LU.UTKD, Ed,· n~rrll \ \ ,, ' Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comCONTENTS OF VOL. Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2.

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Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTHE COMPLETE WORKS OF FRIEDRICH , NIETZSCHE Tiu First Complete and Autlumsed English Translation EDITED BY DR. OSCAR LEVY VOLUME FOURTEEN THE WILL TO POWERBOOKS ONE AND TWO Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comOf the Third Edition making Three Thousand Copies this is No...... Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comFRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE THE WILL TO POWER AN ATTEMPTED TRANSVALUATION OF ALL VALUES TRANSLATED BY ANTHONY M. FOULISLONDON & EDINBURGH 1914 I ,,, l Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pn "nted oy MORRISON & GIBB LU.UTKD, Ed,· n~rrll \ \ ,, ' Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comCONTENTS OF VOL. Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2. The Nihilistic Movement as an Expression of Decadence 31 4. The Crisis: Nihilism and the Idea of Recur- rence - 47 II. CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN NIHILISM- (a) Modem Gloominess -(b) The Last Centuries(c) Signs of Increasing Strength - 55 SECOND BOOK. A CRITICISM OF THEHIGHEST VALUES THAT HAVE PREVAILED HITHERTO. Concerning the Origin of Religions • II3 2.

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Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTHE COMPLETE WORKS OF FRIEDRICH , NIETZSCHE Tiu First Complete and Autlumsed English Translation EDITED BY DR. OSCAR LEVY VOLUME FOURTEEN THE WILL TO POWERBOOKS ONE AND TWO Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comOf the Third Edition making Three Thousand Copies this is No...... Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comFRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE THE WILL TO POWER AN ATTEMPTED TRANSVALUATION OF ALL VALUES TRANSLATED BY ANTHONY M. FOULISLONDON & EDINBURGH 1914 I ,,, l Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pn "nted oy MORRISON & GIBB LU.UTKD, Ed,· n~rrll \ \ ,, ' Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comCONTENTS OF VOL. Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2. The Nihilistic Movement as an Expression of Decadence 31 4. The Crisis: Nihilism and the Idea of Recur- rence - 47 II. CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN NIHILISM- (a) Modem Gloominess -(b) The Last Centuries(c) Signs of Increasing Strength - 55 SECOND BOOK. A CRITICISM OF THEHIGHEST VALUES THAT HAVE PREVAILED HITHERTO. Concerning the Origin of Religions • II3 2. Concerning the History of Christianity - 132 3. Christian Ideals - - 179 Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comvi CONTENTS OF VOL. A CRIT ICISM OF MORALITY- I, The Origin of Moral Valuations 2. General Observations concerning Morality 4. A Criticism of Ideals- • 210 - 226 ✓ - 2 37 - 248 B. A Criticism of the " Good Man," of the Saint, etc. - - 282 C. Concerning the Slander of the so-called Evil Qualities - 291 D. A Criticism of the Words: Improving, Per- fecting, Elevating - - 312 6. Concluding Remarks concerning the Criticism of Morality - 320 1I I. A Criticism of Greek Philosophy - 345 3. The Truths and Errors of Philosophers - 369 4- Concluding Remarks in the Criticism of Philo- sophy - - 378 Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. IN the volume before us we have the first two books of what was to be Nietzsche's greatest theoretical and philosophical prose work. The reception given to Thus Spake Zarathustra had been so unsatisfactory, and misunderstandings relative to its teaching had become so general, that, within a year of the publication of the first part of that famous philosophical poem, Nietzsche was already beginning to see the necessity of bringing his doctrines before the public in a more definite and unmistakable form. During the years that fol- lowed-that is to say, between I 883 and I 886- this plan was matured, and although we have no warrant, save his sister's own word and the internal evidence at our disposal, for classing Beyond Good and Evil (published I 8 86) among the contributions to Nietzsche's grand and final philosophical scheme, . "The Will to Power," it is now impossible to separate it entirely from his chief work as we would naturally separate The Bz"rtlz of Tragedy, the Thoughts out of Season, the volumes entitled Human, all-too- Human, · The Dawn of Day, and Joyful Wisdom.

Interpretation

Central ideas

Recurring concerns and concepts identified across the indexed text.

Faith and doubt

To do this he appeals both to the animal world and to human society, with its subdivisions, religion, art, morality, politics, etc. etc., and in each of these he seeks to demonstrate the activity of the prin- ciple which he held to be the essential factor of all existence. 29 3) leaves us in no doubt as to the calm determination of this work.

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To do this he appeals both to the animal world and to human society, with its subdivisions, religion, art, morality, politics, etc. etc., and in each of these he seeks to demonstrate the activity of the prin- ciple which he held to be the essential factor of all existence.
29 3) leaves us in no doubt as to the calm determination of this work.
Evil, whether spiritual, physical, or intellectual, is, in itself, quite unable to introduce ✓ Nihilism, i.e., the absolute repudiation of worth, purpose, desirability.

Meaning

Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2. In these cases the translation follows the German as closely as possible, and the free use even of a con- junction has in certain cases been avoided, for fear lest the meaning might be in the slightest degree modified It were well, therefore, if the reader could bear these facts in mind whenever he is struck by a certain clumsiness, either of expression or dis- position, in the course of reading this translation.

View supporting passages
Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2.
In these cases the translation follows the German as closely as possible, and the free use even of a con- junction has in certain cases been avoided, for fear lest the meaning might be in the slightest degree modified It were well, therefore, if the reader could bear these facts in mind whenever he is struck by a certain clumsiness, either of expression or dis- position, in the course of reading this translation.
That this span of six years was none too long for the task he had undertaken, will be gathered from the fact that, in the great work he had planned, he actually set out to show that the life-principle, cc Will to Power," was the prime motor of all living organisms.

Justice

The Buddhistic feature: a yearning for nonentity (Indian Buddhism has no fundamentally moral development at the back of it; that is why Nihilism in its case means only morality not overcome; existence is regarded as a punishment and conceived as an error ; error is thus held to be punishment-a moral valuation). It is disgraceful on the part of socialist-theorists to argue that circumstances and social combina- tions could be devised which would put an end .J to all vice, illness, crime, prostitution, and poverty. . . .

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The Buddhistic feature: a yearning for nonentity (Indian Buddhism has no fundamentally moral development at the back of it; that is why Nihilism in its case means only morality not overcome; existence is regarded as a punishment and conceived as an error ; error is thus held to be punishment-a moral valuation).
It is disgraceful on the part of socialist-theorists to argue that circumstances and social combina- tions could be devised which would put an end .J to all vice, illness, crime, prostitution, and poverty. . . .
All the struggle of morals against vice, luxury, crime, and even against illness, seems a naivete, a superfluous effort : there is no such thing as "Z:mprovement" (a word against repentance).

Love and compassion

The purpose above-mentioned might have been achieved : in the form of a " realisation " of a most high canon of morality in all worldly phenomena, the moral order of the universe ; or in the form ofthe increase of love and harmony in the traffic of humanity; or in the nearer approach to a general condition of happiness ; or even in the march to- wards general ~n~n _ tity-any sort_~f.goal always _constitutes a P!!!P.O~. Christianity, revolution, the abolition of slavery, equal rights, philanthropy, love of peace, justice, truth : all these big words are only valuable in a struggle, as banners : not as realities, but as slzow- words, for something quite different (yea, even quite opposed to what they mean !).

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The purpose above-mentioned might have been achieved : in the form of a " realisation " of a most high canon of morality in all worldly phenomena, the moral order of the universe ; or in the form ofthe increase of love and harmony in the traffic of humanity; or in the nearer approach to a general condition of happiness ; or even in the march to- wards general ~n~n _ tity-any sort_~f.goal always _constitutes a P!!!P.O~.
Christianity, revolution, the abolition of slavery, equal rights, philanthropy, love of peace, justice, truth : all these big words are only valuable in a struggle, as banners : not as realities, but as slzow- words, for something quite different (yea, even quite opposed to what they mean !).
The kind of man is known who has fallen in love with the sentence "tout comprendre c'est tout pardonner." It is the weak and, above all, the dis- illusioned : if there is something to pardon in everything, there is also something to contemn !

Responsibility

When those who were responsible for its publication undertook the task of preparing it for the pres$, it was very little more than a vast collection of notes and rough drafts, set down by Nietzsche from time to time, as the material for his chief work; and, as any liberty taken with the original manuscript, save that of putting it in order, would probably have resulted in adding or excluding what the author would on no account have added or excluded him- self, it follows that in some few cases the paragraphs are no more than hasty memoranda of passing thoughts, which Nietzsche must have had the in- tention of elaborating at some future time. But even so, he did not give _up that ideal absolute-he circum- vented it. . ~ . (Kant seems to have needed the hypothesis of " intelligible freedom," * in order · to relieve the ens perfectum of the responsibility of having con- trived this world as it is, in short, in order to explain evil : scandalous logic for a philosopher !). * See Note on p.

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When those who were responsible for its publication undertook the task of preparing it for the pres$, it was very little more than a vast collection of notes and rough drafts, set down by Nietzsche from time to time, as the material for his chief work; and, as any liberty taken with the original manuscript, save that of putting it in order, would probably have resulted in adding or excluding what the author would on no account have added or excluded him- self, it follows that in some few cases the paragraphs are no more than hasty memoranda of passing thoughts, which Nietzsche must have had the in- tention of elaborating at some future time.
But even so, he did not give _up that ideal absolute-he circum- vented it. . ~ . (Kant seems to have needed the hypothesis of " intelligible freedom," * in order · to relieve the ens perfectum of the responsibility of having con- trived this world as it is, in short, in order to explain evil : scandalous logic for a philosopher !). * See Note on p.
One would like to get rid of the responsibility (Fatalz'sm would be accepted).

Suffering

Nihilism is therefore the coming into consciousness of the long waste of strength, the pain of" futility," uncertainty, the lack of an opportunity to recover in some way, or to attain to a state of peace concerning anything-shame in one's own pres- ence, as if one had cheated oneself too long. . . . Sympathy with the lowly and the suffering as a standard for the elevatt"on of the soul.

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Nihilism is therefore the coming into consciousness of the long waste of strength, the pain of" futility," uncertainty, the lack of an opportunity to recover in some way, or to attain to a state of peace concerning anything-shame in one's own pres- ence, as if one had cheated oneself too long. . . .
Sympathy with the lowly and the suffering as a standard for the elevatt"on of the soul.
" (4) Belittlement, susceptibility to pain, unrest, haste, and confusion are steadily increasing-the materialisation of all these tendencies, which is called"civilisation,"becomes every day more simple, with the result that, in the face of the monstrous machine, the individual despairs and surrenders.

Family

During the years that fol- lowed-that is to say, between I 883 and I 886- this plan was matured, and although we have no warrant, save his sister's own word and the internal evidence at our disposal, for classing Beyond Good and Evil (published I 8 86) among the contributions to Nietzsche's grand and final philosophical scheme, . Frau Foerster-Nietzsche tells us that the notion that cc The Will to Power " was the fundamental principle of all life, first occurred to her brother in the year I 870, at the seat of war, while he was serving as a volunteer in a German army ambul- ance.

View supporting passages
During the years that fol- lowed-that is to say, between I 883 and I 886- this plan was matured, and although we have no warrant, save his sister's own word and the internal evidence at our disposal, for classing Beyond Good and Evil (published I 8 86) among the contributions to Nietzsche's grand and final philosophical scheme, .
Frau Foerster-Nietzsche tells us that the notion that cc The Will to Power " was the fundamental principle of all life, first occurred to her brother in the year I 870, at the seat of war, while he was serving as a volunteer in a German army ambul- ance.
61 68. \Vhy does everything become mummery.-The modern man is lacking in unfailing instinct (instinct being understood here to mean that which is the outcome of a long period of activity in the same occupation on the part- of one family of men); the incapability of producing anything perfect, is simply the result of this lack of instinct: one individual alone cannot make up for the schooling his ancestors should have transmitted to him.

Freedom

When those who were responsible for its publication undertook the task of preparing it for the pres$, it was very little more than a vast collection of notes and rough drafts, set down by Nietzsche from time to time, as the material for his chief work; and, as any liberty taken with the original manuscript, save that of putting it in order, would probably have resulted in adding or excluding what the author would on no account have added or excluded him- self, it follows that in some few cases the paragraphs are no more than hasty memoranda of passing thoughts, which Nietzsche must have had the in- tention of elaborating at some future time. 9 (1) It bestowed an intrinsic value upon men, which contrasted with their apparent insignifi- cance and subordination to chance in the eternal flux of becoming and perishing. (2) It served the purpose of God's advocates, inasmuch as it granted the world a certain perfec- tion despite its sorrow and evil-it also granted the world that pr<?verbial "freedom": evil seemed full of meaning. (3) It assumed that man could have a know- ledge of absolute values, and thus granted him adequate perception for the most important things. ( 4) It prevented man from despising himself as man, from turning against life, and from being driven to despair by knowledge : it was a self- preservative measure.

View supporting passages
When those who were responsible for its publication undertook the task of preparing it for the pres$, it was very little more than a vast collection of notes and rough drafts, set down by Nietzsche from time to time, as the material for his chief work; and, as any liberty taken with the original manuscript, save that of putting it in order, would probably have resulted in adding or excluding what the author would on no account have added or excluded him- self, it follows that in some few cases the paragraphs are no more than hasty memoranda of passing thoughts, which Nietzsche must have had the in- tention of elaborating at some future time.
9 (1) It bestowed an intrinsic value upon men, which contrasted with their apparent insignifi- cance and subordination to chance in the eternal flux of becoming and perishing. (2) It served the purpose of God's advocates, inasmuch as it granted the world a certain perfec- tion despite its sorrow and evil-it also granted the world that pr<?verbial "freedom": evil seemed full of meaning. (3) It assumed that man could have a know- ledge of absolute values, and thus granted him adequate perception for the most important things. ( 4) It prevented man from despising himself as man, from turning against life, and from being driven to despair by knowledge : it was a self- preservative measure.
II arbitrium and of an " intelligible freedom " *).

Structure

Chapter map

Section 1

Book One will not seem so well arranged or so

Chunk 10

Close reading

Important passages

Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 4
During the years that fol- lowed-that is to say, between I 883 and I 886- this plan was matured, and although we have no warrant, save his sister's own word and the internal evidence at our disposal, for classing Beyond Good and Evil (published I 8 86) among the contributions to Nietzsche's grand and final philosophical scheme, .

This passage relates to Family.

FamilyChunk 6
In these cases the translation follows the German as closely as possible, and the free use even of a con- junction has in certain cases been avoided, for fear lest the meaning might be in the slightest degree modified It were well, therefore, if the reader could bear these facts in mind whenever he is struck by a certain clumsiness, either of expression or dis- position, in the course of reading this translation.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 7
That this span of six years was none too long for the task he had undertaken, will be gathered from the fact that, in the great work he had planned, he actually set out to show that the life-principle, cc Will to Power," was the prime motor of all living organisms.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 8
To do this he appeals both to the animal world and to human society, with its subdivisions, religion, art, morality, politics, etc. etc., and in each of these he seeks to demonstrate the activity of the prin- ciple which he held to be the essential factor of all existence.

This passage relates to Faith and doubt, Meaning.

Faith and doubtMeaningChunk 8
Frau Foerster-Nietzsche tells us that the notion that cc The Will to Power " was the fundamental principle of all life, first occurred to her brother in the year I 870, at the seat of war, while he was serving as a volunteer in a German army ambul- ance.

This passage relates to Meaning, Family.

MeaningFamilyChunk 8
While this procession passed before him, on its way to war and perhaps to death,-so wonderful in its vital strength and formidable courage, and so per- fectly symbolic of a race that wz'/l conquer and prevail, or perish in the attempt,-Nietzsche was ~ struck with the thought that the highest will to live could not find its expression in a miserable "struggle for existence," but in a will to war, a Will to Power, a will to overpower!

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 9
" Only where there is life, is there also will : not, however, Will to Life, but-so teach I thee- Will to Power !

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 9
Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. xi '' Much is reckoned higher than life itself by the living one; but out of the very reckoning speaketh-the Will to Power !

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 10
A living thing seeks above all to discharge its strength-life itself is Will to Power; self-preser- vation is only one of the indirect and most frequent results thereof." But in this volume, and the one that is to follow, we shall find Nietzsche more mature, more sober, and perhaps more profound than in the works above mentioned.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 10
To the workman, they are indispensable; but he must be careful not to confound the scaffolding with the building." • It is deeply to be deplored that Nietzsche was never able to complete his life-work.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 12
For the reader must not misunderstand the meaning of the title which has been given to this Evangel of the Future.

This passage relates to Meaning.

MeaningChunk 15

Literary reading

Literary analysis

While this procession passed before him, on its way to war and perhaps to death,-so wonderful in its vital strength and formidable courage, and so per- fectly symbolic of a race that wz'/l conquer and prevail, or perish in the attempt,-Nietzsche was ~ struck with the thought that the highest will to live could not find its expression in a miserable "struggle for existence," but in a will to war, a Will to Power, a will to overpower! The feeling ofworthlessness was realised when it was understood that neither the notion of "Purpose," nor that of" Unity," nor that of " Trutlt," could be made to interpret the general character of existence. Noth- ing is achieved or obtained thereby; the unity which intervenes in the multiplicity of events is entirely lacking : the character of existence is not " true," it is false ; there is certainly no longer any reason to believe in a real world.

Literary observation 1

While this procession passed before him, on its way to war and perhaps to death,-so wonderful in its vital strength and formidable courage, and so per- fectly symbolic of a race that wz'/l conquer and prevail, or perish in the attempt,-Nietzsche was ~ struck with the thought that the highest will to live could not find its expression in a miserable "struggle for existence," but in a will to war, a Will to Power, a will to overpower!

Literary observation 2

The feeling ofworthlessness was realised when it was understood that neither the notion of "Purpose," nor that of" Unity," nor that of " Trutlt," could be made to interpret the general character of existence.

Literary observation 3

Noth- ing is achieved or obtained thereby; the unity which intervenes in the multiplicity of events is entirely lacking : the character of existence is not " true," it is false ; there is certainly no longer any reason to believe in a real world.

Literary observation 4

In the first place, it seems of less value : at first z"t ir felt to be of less value,-only in this sense are we pessimists,-that is to say, with the will to acknowledge this Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comTHE WILL TO POWER. transvaluation without reserve, and no longer, as heretofore, to deceive ourselves and chant the old old story.

Literary observation 5

It leads to the absurd conclusion that the character of existence must peiforce afford pleasure to the phz"losopher if it is to have any right to subsist.

Literary observation 6

The strength of a character is shown by the J ability to delay and postpone reaction : a certain ' ao,acf,opla is just as proper to it, as involuntari- ness in recoiling, suddenness and lack of restraint in "action," are proper to weakness.

Ideas

Philosophical analysis

Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2. A CRIT ICISM OF MORALITY- I, The Origin of Moral Valuations 2. General Observations concerning Morality 4.

Philosophical observation 1

Nihilism as an Outcome of the Valuations and Interpretations of Existence which have PACK 5 prevailed hitherto 8 2.

Philosophical observation 2

A CRIT ICISM OF MORALITY- I, The Origin of Moral Valuations 2.

Philosophical observation 3

General Observations concerning Morality 4.

Philosophical observation 4

Concluding Remarks concerning the Criticism of Morality - 320 1I I.

Philosophical observation 5

Beyond Good and Evil, then, together with its sequel, The Genealogy of Morals, and the two little volumes, The Twilight of the Idols and the Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.comviii TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

Philosophical observation 6

When those who were responsible for its publication undertook the task of preparing it for the pres$, it was very little more than a vast collection of notes and rough drafts, set down by Nietzsche from time to time, as the material for his chief work; and, as any liberty taken with the original manuscript, save that of putting it in order, would probably have resulted in adding or excluding what the author would on no account have added or excluded him- self, it follows that in some few cases the paragraphs are no more than hasty memoranda of passing thoughts, which Nietzsche must have had the in- tention of elaborating at some future time.

Context

Historical context

CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN NIHILISM- (a) Modem Gloominess -(b) The Last Centuries(c) Signs of Increasing Strength - 55 SECOND BOOK. Concerning the History of Christianity - 132 3. To do this he appeals both to the animal world and to human society, with its subdivisions, religion, art, morality, politics, etc. etc., and in each of these he seeks to demonstrate the activity of the prin- ciple which he held to be the essential factor of all existence.

Historical observation 1

CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN NIHILISM- (a) Modem Gloominess -(b) The Last Centuries(c) Signs of Increasing Strength - 55 SECOND BOOK.

Historical observation 2

Concerning the History of Christianity - 132 3.

Historical observation 3

To do this he appeals both to the animal world and to human society, with its subdivisions, religion, art, morality, politics, etc. etc., and in each of these he seeks to demonstrate the activity of the prin- ciple which he held to be the essential factor of all existence.

Historical observation 4

Frau Foerster-Nietzsche tells us that the notion that cc The Will to Power " was the fundamental principle of all life, first occurred to her brother in the year I 870, at the seat of war, while he was serving as a volunteer in a German army ambul- ance.

Historical observation 5

While this procession passed before him, on its way to war and perhaps to death,-so wonderful in its vital strength and formidable courage, and so per- fectly symbolic of a race that wz'/l conquer and prevail, or perish in the attempt,-Nietzsche was ~ struck with the thought that the highest will to live could not find its expression in a miserable "struggle for existence," but in a will to war, a Will to Power, a will to overpower!

Historical observation 6

'- This is said to be the history of his first con- ception of that principle which is at the root of all his philosophy, and twelve years later, in Thus Spake Zarathustra, we find him expounding it thus:- " Wherever I found a living thing, there found I Will to Power ; · and even in the will of the servant found I the will to be master.

Reflection

Questions to carry

theological

How does the work distinguish faith from certainty?

Examine how belief is tested by suffering, doubt, reason and human relationships.

philosophical

Is legal judgment presented as equivalent to moral judgment?

Notice where institutional justice agrees or conflicts with conscience and truth.

ethical

To what extent are people responsible for consequences they desired but did not directly cause?

Consider the relationship between thought, intention, action, guilt and shared responsibility.

ethical

Does suffering transform the characters, or merely expose who they already are?

Compare the different ways characters respond to pain, loss and injustice.

philosophical

What does genuine freedom require, and what responsibilities accompany it?

Consider whether freedom is presented as liberation, burden, temptation or moral obligation.

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Man must wring himself free from them, otherwise he cannot be a good man....

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The -ideal slave (the " good man ").-He who cannot regard himself as a " purpose," and who cannot give himself any aim whatsoever, in- stinctively honours the morality of unseljishness.

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A critidsm of the good man.-Honesty, dignity, dutifulness, justice, humanity, loyalty, uprightness, clean conscience-is it really supposed that, by means of these fine-sounding words, the qualities they stand for are approved and affirmed for their own sake?

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And thus he ultimately arrives at the conclusion, which to him is quite logical, that Nature is evil, that man is c0rrupted, and that being good is an act of grace (that is to say, it is impossible to man when he stands alone).

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The " good man " sees himself surrounded by evil, and, thanks to the continual onslaughts of the latter, his eye grows more keen, and in the end discovers traces of evil in every one of his acts.

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First of all we should know what " good and evil" mean.

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Sceptic; so long as you cannot believe in my bad reasons,-that is to say, in my God, in a disciplinary Beyond, in free will, etc.,- you put obstacles in the way of my virtue. . . .

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As a matter of fact, man does not desire " happiness." Pleasure is a sensation of power : if the passions are excluded, those states of the mind are also excluded which afford the greatest sensation of power and therefore of pleasure.

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In short: the coming of the "Kz'ngdom of God" has been placed in the future, and has been given an earthly, a human meaning-but on the whole the faith in the old ideal is still maintained. . . . 340.

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This method of valuing thus believes itself to be "idealistic"; it never doubts that in its concept of the " good man," it has found the highest de- sideratum.

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Decadence reveals itself in this con- cern about "happiness "(i.e. about the "salvation of the soul '' ; -i.e. to feel that one's condition -is a danger).

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With Plato we are as the temporary inhabitants of an in- telligible world of goodness, still in possession of a bequest from former times: divine dialectics taking its root in goodness leads to everything good (it follows, therefore, that it must lead ""backwards '').

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Genuine love of man- kind exacts sacrifice for the good of the species -it is hard, full of self-control, because it needs human sacrifices.

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We are no Pascals, we are not particularly in- terested in the " Salvation of the soul," in our own happiness, and in our own virtue.-We have neither enough time nor enough curiosity to be so con 7 cerned with ourselves.

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Suffering, struggle, work, and death are raised as objections against life, they make life questionable, unnatural -something that must cease, and for which one not only requires but also has-remedies !

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Under the empire of Christian prejudice · thz's questz"on was never put at all: the purpose of life seemed to lie in the salvation of the individual soul ; the question whether humanity might last for a long or a short time was not considered.

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But the desire for disbelz'ef has also been confounded with the "will to truth" (a need of ridding one's self of a belief for a hundred reasons : in order to carry one's point against certain "believers").

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